Phrasal Verbs List

As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use phrasal verbs properly. Some phrasal verbs require a direct object (someone/something), while others do not. Some phrasal verbs can be separated by the object, while others cannot. Review this phrasal verbs grammar from time to time so that you don't forget the rules!

Verb		Meaning	Example
ask someone out		invite on a date	Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.
ask around		ask many people the same question	I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet.
add up to something		equal	Your purchases add up to $205.32.
back something up		reverse	You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out.
back someone up		support	My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job.
blow up		explode	The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence.
blow something up		add air	We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party.
break down		stop functioning (vehicle, machine)	Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.
break down		get upset	The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died.
break something down		divide into smaller parts	Our teacher broke the final project down into three separate parts.
break in		force entry to a building	Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo.
break into something		enter forcibly	The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children.
break something in		wear something a few times so that it doesn't look/feel new	I need to break these shoes in before we run next week.
break in		interrupt	The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death.
break up		end a relationship	My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America.
break up		start laughing (informal)	The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking.
break out		escape	The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren't looking.
break out in something		develop a skin condition	I broke out in a rash after our camping trip.
bring someone down		make unhappy	This sad music is bringing me down.
bring someone up		raise a child	My grandparents brought me up after my parents died.
bring something up		start talking about a subject	My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports.
bring something up		vomit	He drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet.
call around		phone many different places/people	We called around but we weren't able to find the car part we needed.
call someone back		return a phone call	I called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend.
call something off		cancel	Jason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his fiancé.
call on someone		ask for an answer or opinion	The professor called on me for question 1.
call on someone		visit someone	We called on you last night but you weren't home.
call someone up		phone	Give me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town.
calm down		relax after being angry	You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car.
not care for someone/something		not like (formal)	I don't care for his behaviour.
catch up		get to the same point as someone else	You'll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty.
check in		arrive and register at a hotel or airport	We will get the hotel keys when we check in.
check out		leave a hotel	You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.
check someone/something out		look at carefully, investigate	The company checks out all new employees.
check out someone/something		look at (informal)	Check out the crazy hair on that guy!
cheer up		become happier	She cheered up when she heard the good news.
cheer someone up		make happier	I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.
chip in		help	If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon.
clean something up		tidy, clean	Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside.
come across something		find unexpectedly	I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet.
come apart		separate	The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough.
come down with something		become sick	My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend.
come forward		volunteer for a task or to give evidence	The woman came forward with her husband's finger prints.
come from somewhere		originate in	The art of origami comes from Asia.
count on someone/something		rely on	I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out.
cross something out		draw a line through	Please cross out your old address and write your new one.
cut back on something		consume less	My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods.
cut something down		make something fall to the ground	We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm.
cut in		interrupt	Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle.
cut in		pull in too closely in front of another vehicle	The bus driver got angry when that car cut in.
cut in		start operating (of an engine or electrical device)	The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature gets to 22°C.
cut something off		remove with something sharp	The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured.
cut something off		stop providing	The phone company cut off our phone because we didn't pay the bill.
cut someone off		take out of a will	My grandparents cut my father off when he remarried.
cut something out		remove part of something (usually with scissors and paper)	I cut this ad out of the newspaper.
do someone/something over		beat up, ransack (Br.E., informal)	He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done over by a street gang.
do something over		do again (N.Amer.)	My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she doesn't like my topic.
do away with something		discard	It's time to do away with all of these old tax records.
do something up		fasten, close	Do your coat up before you go outside. It's snowing!
dress up		wear nice clothing	It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up.
drop back		move back in a position/group	Andrea dropped back to third place when she fell off her bike.
drop in/by/over		come without an appointment	I might drop in/by/over for tea some time this week.
drop someone/something off		take someone/something somewhere and leave them/it there	I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over.
drop out		quit a class, school etc	I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult.
eat out		eat at a restaurant	I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out.
end up		eventually reach/do/decide	We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre.
fall apart		break into pieces	My new dress fell apart in the washing machine.
fall down		fall to the ground	The picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning.
fall out		separate from an interior	The money must have fallen out of my pocket.
fall out		(of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached	His hair started to fall out when he was only 35.
figure something out		understand, find the answer	I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room.
fill something in		to write information in blanks (Br.E.)	Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number.
fill something out		to write information in blanks (N.Amer.)	The form must be filled out in capital letters.
fill something up		fill to the top	I always fill the water jug up when it is empty.
find out		discover	We don't know where he lives. How can we find out?
find something out		discover	We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out.
get something across/over		communicate, make understandable	I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen.
get along/on		like each other	I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on.
get around		have mobility	My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair.
get away		go on a vacation	We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week.
get away with something		do without being noticed or punished	Jason always gets away with cheating in his maths tests.
get back		return	We got back from our vacation last week.
get something back		receive something you had before	Liz finally got her Science notes back from my room-mate.
get back at someone		retaliate, take revenge	My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat.
get back into something		become interested in something again	I finally got back into my novel and finished it.
get on something		step onto a vehicle	We're going to freeze out here if you don't let us get on the bus.
get over something		recover from an illness, loss, difficulty	I just got over the flu and now my sister has it.
get over something		overcome a problem	The company will have to close if it can't get over the new regulations.
get round to something		finally find time to do (N.Amer.: get around to something)	I don't know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards.
get together		meet (usually for social reasons)	Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend.
get up		get out of bed	I got up early today to study for my exam.
get up		stand	You should get up and give the elderly man your seat.
give someone away		reveal hidden information about someone	His wife gave him away to the police.
give someone away		take the bride to the altar	My father gave me away at my wedding.
give something away		ruin a secret	My little sister gave the surprise party away by accident.
give something away		give something to someone for free	The library was giving away old books on Friday.
give something back		return a borrowed item	I have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game.
give in		reluctantly stop fighting or arguing	My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he finally gave in.
give something out		give to many people (usually at no cost)	They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store.
give something up		quit a habit	I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.
give up		stop trying	My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up.
go after someone		follow someone	My brother tried to go after the thief in his car.
go after something		try to achieve something	I went after my dream and now I am a published writer.
go against someone		compete, oppose	We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight.
go ahead		start, proceed	Please go ahead and eat before the food gets cold.
go back		return to a place	I have to go back home and get my lunch.
go out		leave home to go on a social event	We're going out for dinner tonight.
go out with someone		date	Jesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter.
go over something		review	Please go over your answers before you submit your test.
go over		visit someone nearby	I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll go over for an hour or two.
go without something		suffer lack or deprivation	When I was young, we went without winter boots.
grow apart		stop being friends over time	My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools.
grow back		regrow	My roses grew back this summer.
grow up		become an adult	When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman.
grow out of something		get too big for	Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones.
grow into something		grow big enough to fit	This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year.
hand something down		give something used to someone else	I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin.
hand something in		submit	I have to hand in my essay by Friday.
hand something out		to distribute to a group of people	We will hand out the invitations at the door.
hand something over		give (usually unwillingly)	The police asked the man to hand over his wallet and his weapons.
hang in		stay positive (N.Amer., informal)	Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job very soon.
hang on		wait a short time (informal)	Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!
hang out		spend time relaxing (informal)	Instead of going to the party we are just going to hang out at my place.
hang up		end a phone call	He didn't say goodbye before he hung up.
hold someone/something back		prevent from doing/going	I had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park.
hold something back		hide an emotion	Jamie held back his tears at his grandfather's funeral.
hold on		wait a short time	Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department.
hold onto someone/something		hold firmly using your hands or arms	Hold onto your hat because it's very windy outside.
hold someone/somethingup		rob	A man in a black mask held the bank up this morning.
keep on doing something		continue doing	Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil.
keep something from someone		not tell	We kept our relationship from our parents for two years.
keep someone/something out		stop from entering	Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room.
keep something up		continue at the same rate	If you keep those results up you will get into a great college.
let someone down		fail to support or help, disappoint	I need you to be on time. Don't let me down this time.
let someone in		allow to enter	Can you let the cat in before you go to school?
look after someone/something		take care of	I have to look after my sick grandmother.
look down on someone		think less of, consider inferior	Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me.
look for someone/something		try to find	I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding.
look forward to something		be excited about the future	I'm looking forward to the Christmas break.
look into something		investigate	We are going to look into the price of snowboards today.
look out		be careful, vigilant, and take notice	Look out! That car's going to hit you!
look out for someone/something		be especially vigilant for	Don't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail.
look something over		check, examine	Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes?
look something up		search and find information in a reference book or database	We can look her phone number up on the Internet.
look up to someone		have a lot of respect for	My little sister has always looked up to me.
make something up		invent, lie about something	Josie made up a story about about why we were late.
make up		forgive each other	We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast.
make someone up		apply cosmetics to	My sisters made me up for my graduation party.
mix something up		confuse two or more things	I mixed up the twins' names again!
pass away		die	His uncle passed away last night after a long illness.
pass out		faint	It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out.
pass something out		give the same thing to many people	The professor passed the textbooks out before class.
pass something up		decline (usually something good)	I passed up the job because I am afraid of change.
pay someone back		return owed money	Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay you back on Friday.
pay for something		be punished for doing something bad	That bully will pay for being mean to my little brother.
pick something out		choose	I picked out three sweaters for you to try on.
point someone/something out		indicate with your finger	I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by.
put something down		put what you are holding on a surface or floor	You can put the groceries down on the kitchen counter.
put someone down		insult, make someone feel stupid	The students put the substitute teacher down because his pants were too short.
put something off		postpone	We are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane.
put something out		extinguish	The neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived.
put something together		assemble	I have to put the crib together before the baby arrives.
put up with someone/something		tolerate	I don't think I can put up with three small children in the car.
put something on		put clothing/accessories on your body	Don't forget to put on your new earrings for the party.
run into someone/something		meet unexpectedly	I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.
run over someone/something		drive a vehicle over a person or thing	I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the driveway.
run over/through something		rehearse, review	Let's run over/through these lines one more time before the show.
run away		leave unexpectedly, escape	The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days.
run out		have none left	We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap.
send something back		return (usually by mail)	My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp.
set something up		arrange, organize	Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company.
set someone up		trick, trap	The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera.
shop around		compare prices	I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots.
show off		act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully)	He always shows off on his skateboard
sleep over		stay somewhere for the night (informal)	You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home.
sort something out		organize, resolve a problem	We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month.
stick to something		continue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing	You will lose weight if you stick to the diet.
switch something off		stop the energy flow, turn off	The light's too bright. Could you switch it off.
switch something on		start the energy flow, turn on	We heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio.
take after someone		resemble a family member	I take after my mother. We are both impatient.
take something apart		purposely break into pieces	He took the car brakes apart and found the problem.
take something back		return an item	I have to take our new TV back because it doesn't work.
take off		start to fly	My plane takes off in five minutes.
take something off		remove something (usually clothing)	Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake!
take something out		remove from a place or thing	Can you take the garbage out to the street for me?
take someone out		pay for someone to go somewhere with you	My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie.
tear something up		rip into pieces	I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him.
think back		remember (often + to, sometimes + on)	When I think back on my youth, I wish I had studied harder.
think something over		consider	I'll have to think this job offer over before I make my final decision.
throw something away		dispose of	We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery.
turn something down		decrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc)	Please turn the TV down while the guests are here.
turn something down		refuse	I turned the job down because I don't want to move.
turn something off		stop the energy flow, switch off	Your mother wants you to turn the TV off and come for dinner.
turn something on		start the energy, switch on	It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights on.
turn something up		increase the volume or strength (heat, light etc)	Can you turn the music up? This is my favourite song.
turn up		appear suddenly	Our cat turned up after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood.
try something on		sample clothing	I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't think they will fit.
try something out		test	I am going to try this new brand of detergent out.
use something up		finish the supply	The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more.
wake up		stop sleeping	We have to wake up early for work on Monday.
warm someone/something up		increase the temperature	You can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace.
warm up		prepare body for exercise	I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run.
wear off		fade away	Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party.
work out		exercise	I work out at the gym three times a week.
work out		be successful	Our plan worked out fine.
work something out		make a calculation	We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house.

Irregular Verbs List

This is a list of some irregular verbs in English. Of course, there are many others, but these are the more common irregular verbs.

V1 Base Form	V2 Past Simple	V3 Past Participle
awake	awoke	awoken
be	was, were	been
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
bend	bent	bent
bet	bet	bet
bid	bid	bid
bite	bit	bitten
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
bring	brought	brought
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast
build	built	built
burn	burned/burnt	burned/burnt
buy	bought	bought
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
cut	cut	cut
dig	dug	dug
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
dream	dreamed/dreamt	dreamed/dreamt
drive	drove	driven
drink	drank	drunk
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	got (sometimes gotten)
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
hang	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
learn	learned/learnt	learned/learnt
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
pay	paid	paid
put	put	put
read	read	read
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
show	showed	showed/shown
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
stand	stood	stood
swim	swam	swum
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke	woken
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
write	wrote	written

rumus tenses

Present Perfect

1. Present Tense

(I / You / We / They + VI)

2. Present Continous Tense

(I / You / we / they + To be + VI (Ing)

3. Present Perfect Tense

(I / You / we / They + Have + VIII)- (He / She / it / + Has + VIII)


4. Present Perfect Continous Tense

(I / You / we / they + Have + Been + VI + Ing)

( He / She / it / + Has + Been + VI + Ing)

5. Present Future Tense

(I / We + Shall + VI ) – ( You / They / She / it + Will + VI )

6. Present Future Continous Tense

( I / We + Shall + Be + VI + Ing )

( You /They / He / She / it + Will + Be VI + Ing )

7. Present Future Perfect Tense

(I / We + Shall + Have + VIII )

( You / They / She / it + Will + Have + VIII)

8. Present Perfect Continous Tense

(I / We + Shall + Have been + VI + Ing )

( You / They / He / She / it + Will + Have been + VI + Ing )


Past Tense

9. Past Tense

(I / You / We / They / He / She / it + VII)

10. Past Continous Tense

(I / He / She / it + was + VI + Ing )

11. Past Perfect Tense

(I / You / They/ we / he / She / it + had + VIII )

12. Past Perfect Continous Tense

(I / You / they/ we / he / she / it + Had + Been + VI + Ing)

13. Past Future Tense

(I / We + Should + VI ) – ( You / They / He / She / it + Would + VI )

14. Past Future Continous Tense

( I / We + Should + Be + VI + Ing )

( You /They / He / She / it + Would + Be + VI + Ing )

15. Past Future Perfect Tense

(I / We + Should + Have + VIII )

( You / They / He / She / it + Have + VIII)

16. Past Future Perfect Continous Tense

(I / We + Should + Have + been + VI + Ing )

( You / They / He / She / it + Would + Have + been + VI + Ing )

Pola Dasar dan Unsur Kalimat Bahasa Inggris

Kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis dan pola, tergantung titik pandang tujuan atau kegunaan praktis yang diinginkan. Untuk tujuan identifikasi dan analisis kalimat dalam usaha memahami artinya, kalimat bahasa Inggris tersebut dikelompokkan menjadi enam pola dasar beserta unsur-unsurnya, yaitu:

Fungsi Tipe	Subyek	Predikat	Obyek	Pelengkap	Keterangan
a. S-P	The student	run
b. S-P-O	The student	drinks	milk
c. S-P-Pel	The student	is		a lazy student
d. S-P-Ket	The student	studies			in the library
e. S-P-O-Pel	The student	opened	the door	Quietly
f. S-P-O-Ket	The student	read	the book		at your house

Keenam pola dasar di atas dapat membentuk kalimat-kalimat bahasa Inggris yang kompleks dengan cara menggabungkan, memodifikasi, atau mensubstitusi unsur-unsurnya.  Dari  pada pola dasar di atas dapat dikategorkan  jenis kata atau bangun apa saja yang dapat menduduki posisi Subjek, Predikat, Objek, Pelengkap, dan Keterangan.

Sebagai Subjek	Kata ganti, kata benda / kelompok kata benda, kata kerja+ing (gerund), to infinitive, wh-to infinitive, dan sub klausa benda
Sebagai Predikat	Kata kerja I (+s / es), kata kerja II, to be (is, am, are, was, were), kata kerja bantu (will, can, may, must, have, had)
Sebagai Objek	Sama seperti Subjek
Sebagai Pelengkap	Kata sifat, kelompok preposisi dan yang lain sama seperti Subjek
Sebagai Keterangan	Kata keterangan, kelompok proposisi. (letak keterangan bisa di awal, tengah atau akhir kalimat)

Bentuk kata kerja dan to be dalam bahasa Inggris berubah mengikuti perubahan waktu terjadinya peristiwa. Bentuk kata kerja yang menunjuk perubahan waktu ini disebut sebagai tenses. Ada enam belas tenses dalam bahasa Inggris, tetapi untuk daily conversation umumnya menggunakan lima tenses sebagai berikut:

1. Simple present tense

menyatakan sesuatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang terjadi berulang-ulang atau suatu kebiasaan, juga untuk menyatakan suatu kebenaran umum.

2. Present continuous tense

menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada saat sekarang (sedang berlaku).

3. Present perfect tense

menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang dilakukan di waktu lampau tetapi masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang, atau kejadian yang baru saja dilakukan, tapi waktunya tidak disebutkan.

4. Simple past tense

menyatakan suatu pekerjaan atau peristiwa di waktu lampau

5. Simple future tense

menyatakan suatu pekerjaan atau kejadian yang belum terjadi dan akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang.

 

I  drink milk everyday	Minum	Simple present tense
I am drinking milk now	Sedang minum	Present continuous tense
I have drunk milk since 1999	Telah minum	Present perfect tense
I drank milk  yesterday	Telah minum	Simple past tense
I  will drink milk tomorrow	Akan minum	Simple future

Ordinal numbers

Table of Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers from 1 through 1,000,000

1

st

first

11

th

eleventh

21

st

twenty-first

31

st

thirty-first

2

nd

second

12

th

twelfth

22

nd

twenty-second

40

th

fortieth

3

rd

third

13

th

thirteenth

23

rd

twenty-third

50

th

fiftieth

4

th

fourth

14

th

fourteenth

24

th

twenty-fourth

60

th

sixtieth

5

th

fifth

15

th

fifteenth

25

th

twenty-fifth

70

th

seventieth

6

th

sixth

16

th

sixteenth

26

th

twenty-sixth

80

th

eightieth

7

th

seventh

17

th

seventeenth

27

th

twenty-seventh

90

th

ninetieth

8

th

eighth

18

th

eighteenth

28

th

twenty-eighth

100

th

one hundredth

9

th

ninth

19

th

nineteenth

29

th

twenty-ninth

1,000

th

one thousandth

10

th

tenth

20

th

twentieth

30

th

thirtieth

1,000,000

th

one millionth

Form

Spelling of Ordinal Numbers

Just add th to the cardinal number:

• four - fourth
• eleven - eleventh

Exceptions:

• one - first
• two - second
• three - third
• five - fifth
• eight - eighth
• nine - ninth
• twelve - twelfth

In compound ordinal numbers, note that only the last figure is written as an ordinal number:

• 421st = four hundred and twenty-first
• 5,111th = five thousand, one hundred and eleventh

Figures

When expressed as figures, the last two letters of the written word are added to the ordinal number:

• first = 1st
• second = 2nd
• third = 3rd
• fourth = 4th
• twenty-sixth = 26th
• hundred and first = 101st

Titles

In names for kings and queens, ordinal numbers are written in Roman numbers. In spoken English, the definite article is used before the ordinal number:

• Charles II - Charles the Second
• Edward VI - Edward the Sixth
• Henry VIII - Henry the Eighth

Cardinal Numbers

Table of Cardinal Numbers

Carcinal numbers from 1 through 1,000,000

1	one	11	eleven	21	twenty-one	31	thirty-one
2	two	12	twelve	22	twenty-two	40	forty
3	three	13	thirteen	23	twenty-three	50	fifty
4	four	14	fourteen	24	twenty-four	60	sixty
5	five	15	fifteen	25	twenty-five	70	seventy
6	six	16	sixteen	26	twenty-six	80	eighty
7	seven	17	seventeen	27	twenty-seven	90	ninety
8	eight	18	eighteen	28	twenty-eight	100	a/one hundred
9	nine	19	nineteen	29	twenty-nine	1,000	a/one thousand
10	ten	20	twenty	30	thirty	1,000,000	a/one million

Separation between hundreds and tens

Hundreds and tens are usually separated by 'and' (in American English 'and' is not necessary).

110 - one hundred and ten
1,250 - one thousand, two hundred and fifty
2,001 - two thousand and one

Hundreds

Use 100 always with 'a' or 'one'.

100 - a hundred / one hundred

'a' can only stand at the beginning of a number.

100 - a hundred / one hundred
2,100 - two thousand, one hundred

Thousands and Millions

Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with 'a' or 'one'.

1,000 - a thousand / one thousand
201,000 - two hundred and one thousand

Use commas as a separator.

57,458,302

The Number 1,000,000,000

In English this number is a billion. This is very tricky for nations where 'a billion' has 12 zeros. 1,000,000,000,000 in English, however, is a trillion.
But don't worry, these numbers are even a bit problematic for native speakers: for a long time the British 'billion' had 12 zeros (a number with 9 zeros was called 'a thousand million'). Now, however, also in British English 'a billion' has 9 zeros. But from time to time this number still causes confusion (just like this paragraph, I'm afraid). ;o)

Singular or Plural?

Numbers are usually written in singular.

two hundred Euros
several thousand light years

The plural is only used with dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion, if they are not modified by another number or expression (e.g. a few / several).

hundreds of Euros
thousands of light years

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

I have been singing

How do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb
		have has		been		base + ing

Here are some examples of the present perfect continuous tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		auxiliary verb	main verb
+	I	have		been	waiting	for one hour.
+	You	have		been	talking	too much.
-	It	has	not	been	raining.
-	We	have	not	been	playing	football.
?	Have	you		been	seeing	her?
?	Have	they		been	doing	their homework?

Present Continuous Tense

The structure of the present continuous tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb
		be		base + ing

Look at these examples:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	am		speaking	to you.
+	You	are		reading	this.
-	She	is	not	staying	in London.
-	We	are	not	playing	football.
?	Is	he		watching	TV?
?	Are	they		waiting	for John?

Simple Present Tense

I sing

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb
		do		base

There are three important exceptions:

1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verb like:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I, you, we, they			like	computer
	He, she, it			likes	computer
-	I, you, we, they	do	not	like	computer
	He, she, it	does	not	like	computer
?	Do	I, you, we, they		like	computer
	Does	he, she, it		like	computer

Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

	subject	main verb
+	I	am		French.
	You, we, they	are		French.
	He, she, it	is		French.
-	I	am	not	old.
	You, we, they	are	not	old.
	He, she, it	is	not	old.
?	Am	I		late?
	Are	you, we, they		late?
	Is	he, she, it		late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

We use the simple present tense when:

• the action is general
• the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
• the action is not only happening now
• the statement is always true